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<title>Pill (textile)</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pill (textile)</span></span>

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<p>A <b>pill</b>, colloquially known as a <b>bobble</b>, <b>fuzzball</b>, or <b>lint ball</b>, is a small ball of fibers that forms on a piece of <a href="Cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloth">cloth</a>. <i>Pill</i> is also a verb for the formation of such balls.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PopSci_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopSci-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Pilling is a surface defect of textiles caused by wear, and is generally considered an undesirable trait.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It happens when washing and wearing of fabrics causes loose fibers to begin to push out from the surface of the cloth, and, over time, <a href="Abrasion_(mechanical)" title="Abrasion (mechanical)">abrasion</a> causes the fibers to develop into small spherical bundles, anchored to the surface of the fabric by protruding fibers that have not broken. The textile industry divides pilling into four stages: fuzz formation, entanglement, growth, and wear-off.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Pilling normally happens on the parts of clothing that receive the most abrasion in day-to-day wear, such as the <a href="Collar_(clothing)" title="Collar (clothing)">collar</a>, <a href="Cuff" title="Cuff">cuffs</a>, and around the <a href="Thighs" class="mw-redirect" title="Thighs">thighs</a> and <a href="Buttocks" title="Buttocks">rear</a> on <a href="Trousers" title="Trousers">trousers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2></div>

<p>All fabrics pill to some extent, although fibers such as <a href="Linen" title="Linen">linen</a> and <a href="Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> pill less than most.<sup id="cite_ref-Schindler_2004_132–133_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schindler_2004_132–133-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary drivers of pilling are the physical characteristics of the <a href="Textile" title="Textile">textile</a> (including both the initial fiber, and the way in which it is processed during <a href="Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturing</a>), the personal habits of the textile's wearer, and the environment in which the textile is used. Fibers such as <a href="Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>, <a href="Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, <a href="Polyester" title="Polyester">polyester</a>, <a href="Nylon" title="Nylon">nylon</a> and <a href="Acrylic_fiber" title="Acrylic fiber">acrylic</a> have a tendency to pill the most, but wool pilling diminishes over time as non-tenacious wool fibers work themselves free of the fabric and break away, whereas pilling of <a href="Synthetic_fiber" title="Synthetic fiber">synthetic textiles</a> is a more serious problem, because the stronger fibers hold on to the pills preventing them from falling off.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In general, longer fibers pill less than short ones because there are fewer ends of fibers,<sup id="cite_ref-PopSci_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopSci-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and because it is harder for the longer fibers to work themselves out of the cloth. Fabrics with a large number of loose fibers have a higher tendency to pill. Also, <a href="Knitted_fabric" title="Knitted fabric">knitted fabrics</a> tend to pill more than <a href="Woven_fabric" title="Woven fabric">woven fabrics</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-OED_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because of the greater distance between yarn crossings in knitted fabrics than in woven ones.<sup id="cite_ref-Jap_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jap-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the same reason, a tightly knitted object will pill less than a loosely knitted one.<sup id="cite_ref-PopSci_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopSci-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a fabric is made of a blend of fibers where one fiber is significantly stronger than the other, pills tend to form as the weaker fiber wears and breaks, and the stronger fiber holds the pills onto the cloth.<sup id="cite_ref-PopSci_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopSci-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2></div>

<p>Techniques used by the <a href="Textile_industry" title="Textile industry">textile industry</a> to avoid pilling include <a href="Singeing_(textiles)" title="Singeing (textiles)">singeing</a> the loose fibers protruding on the surface of <a href="Textile" title="Textile">textile</a>, and <a href="Spinning_(textiles)" title="Spinning (textiles)">spinning</a> the yarn with a high number of <a href="Twist_per_inch" title="Twist per inch">twists per inch</a>. Some fabrics are chemically treated during the manufacturing process to reduce their propensity to pill. <a href="Polymeric_surface#Coatings" title="Polymeric surface">Polymeric coatings</a> are sometimes applied to bind fibers into the fabric surface and prevent initial fuzz from forming. Polyester and cotton fibers are sometimes modified to be of lower-than-normal strength, which results in pills detaching easily from fabrics, once they are formed. <a href="Cellulase" title="Cellulase">Cellulase</a> enzymes are sometimes used on cotton fabrics during <a href="Textile_manufacturing#Processing_of_cotton" title="Textile manufacturing">wet processing</a>, which removes loose fibers.<sup id="cite_ref-Schindler_2004_132–133_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schindler_2004_132–133-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Textile authorities say consumers can prevent or postpone pilling of their fabrics by treating them with <a href="Stain_repellent" title="Stain repellent">chemical soil release</a> treatments that make the surface of the fabric more <a href="Hydrophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophilic">hydrophilic</a>, and by turning clothes inside out before washing them.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Result">Result</h2></div>

<p>Pills do not interfere with the functionality of the textile, unless a spot with a lot of pills turns into a hole in the fabric. This is because both pills and holes are caused by the fabric wearing—a pill is fiber that was in the cloth. After the pill forms the fabric is thinner there, increasing the likelihood that a hole will form.

</p><p>Pilling can seriously compromise a textile's acceptability for consumers, and is the focus of significant industry research. In the textile industry, severity of pilling is objectively evaluated using five parameters: pill number, the mean area of pilling; the total area of pilling; contrast, and density.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Pills can be removed by <a href="Fabric_shaver" title="Fabric shaver">shaving</a> the fabric.

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pill" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:pill">pill</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a href="Nap_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nap (textile)">Nap (textile)</a></li>

<li><a href="Pile_(textile)" title="Pile (textile)">Pile (textile)</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-OED-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OED_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Pill." <i>The Oxford English Dictionary</i>. 2nd ed. 1989.</span>

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</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Jr8k-Drkh4C&pg=PA83">"Popular Science"</a>. Bonnier Corporation. September 1999. p. 83<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2009</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFUkponmwanMukhopadhyayChatterjee1998" class="citation journal cs1">Ukponmwan, J. O.; Mukhopadhyay, A.; Chatterjee, K. N. (1998). "Pilling". <i>Textile Progress</i>. <b>28</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>57. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00405169808688874">10.1080/00405169808688874</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1754-2278">1754-2278</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFShen2011" class="citation book cs1">Shen, Gang, and Xiong Huang (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JbyQcjOWigAC&dq=pilling+fabric+wear&pg=PA80"><i>Advanced Research on Electronic Commerce, Web Application, and Communication, Part 1</i></a>. London: Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht. p. 80. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-642-20366-4</bdi>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)</span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMehta1998" class="citation book cs1">Mehta, Pradip V., and Satish K. Bhardwaj (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newagepublishers.com/servlet/nagetbiblio?bno=000465"><i>Managing quality in the apparel industry</i></a>. New Delhi: National Institute of Fashion Technology and New Age International Publishers. p. 110. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-81-224-1166-9</bdi>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)</span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Schindler_2004_132–133-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schindler_2004_132–133_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schindler_2004_132–133_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSchindler2004" class="citation book cs1">Schindler, Wolfgang D., and Peter J. Hauser (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.woodheadpublishing.com/en/book.aspx?bookID=786"><i>Chemical finishing of textiles</i></a>. Manchester, England: Woodhead Publishing in Textiles. pp. <span class="nowrap">132–</span>133. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-85573-905-4</bdi>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)</span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFYates2002" class="citation book cs1">Yates, Marypaul (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.wwnorton.com/books/978-0-393-73062-3/"><i>Fabrics: a guide for interior designers and architects</i></a>. New York: W.W. Norton. p. 188. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-393-73062-3</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Jap-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jap_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBerkowitch1996" class="citation book cs1">Berkowitch, John (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kmfbGNjs0zMC&pg=PA27"><i>Trends in Japanese Textile Technology</i></a>. Diane pub. p. 27. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7881-8938-7</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2009</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMendelson1999" class="citation book cs1">Mendelson, Cheryl (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xfB99Kf38MwC&dq=pilling+collar+cuffs&pg=PA230"><i>Home comforts: the art and science of keeping house</i></a>. New York: Scribner. p. 230. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-684-81465-X</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFan2004" class="citation book cs1">Fan, Jintu, and Winnie Wing-man Yu, Winnie Yu, L. Hunte (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.woodheadpublishing.com/en/book.aspx?bookID=646"><i>Clothing appearance and fit: science and technology</i></a>. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles No. 33. pp. <span class="nowrap">54–</span>60. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-85573-745-0</bdi>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)</span></span>

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